Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
human studies
daidzein capsule Not applicable 1 capsule Single dose 7 1.23 µmol after 24 hours 27.4 0.03 17.7 1.9 Graph RUFER 2008
daidzein-7-O-glucoside capsule Not applicable 1 capsule Single dose 7 2.26 µmol after 24 hours 22.3 0.1 11 3.5 Graph RUFER 2008
flaxseed powder Generic food 10 g/day 90 days 18 22.5 µmol after 90 days LAMPE 1994
high-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 23 4427 nmol/day after 17 days 120 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 9 days 12 1155 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 9 days 12 8656 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 93 days 18 10405 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 93 days 18 960 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 93 days 18 4900 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 9 days 12 20292 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
kinako (baked soybean powder) Food administered
60 g Single dose 4 4 4.8 µmol after 72 hours Graph WATANABE 1998
low-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 21 107 nmol/day after 17 days 1 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
red clover based dietary supplements Food administered
0 4 days 7 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_01
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_02
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 1999
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 2 weeks 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2003
soy food ingredient powder Food administered
101.6 g Single dose 1 1 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
750 mL/day 5 days 11 220.33 µmol/24h after 5 days 130.25 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soy supplements Food administered
Generic food
3 supplements/day 5 days 10 215.09 µmol/24h after 5 days 137.68 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soya flour Food administered
Generic food
40 g/day 2 days 12 Detected (unquantified) JOANNOU 1995
soya-based nutrition tablets Not applicable 0 7 days 8 1000 ng/mL after 7 days CHEN 2007
soybean pieces Food administered
Generic food
125 g/day 9 days 17 14715 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
tempeh Food administered
Generic food
112 g/day 9 days 17 19440 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
rat studies
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 1 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
  Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
rat studies
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 0.5 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
soy protein Food administered
0 Single dose 5 Detected (unquantified) FANG 2002