Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
human studies
capsule with soy extract Not applicable 2 capsules/day 2 days 6 Detected (unquantified) KULLING 2001
daidzein capsule Not applicable 1 capsule Single dose 7 11.6 Graph 8.3 0.43 10.9 8.3 Graph RUFER 2008
daidzein-7-O-glucoside capsule Not applicable 1 capsule Single dose 7 38.9 Graph 9.1 2.54 6.4 35.8 Graph RUFER 2008
enzyme-treated soy milk Food administered
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 1 0.95 6.74 Graph KANO 2006
fermented soy milk Food administered
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 1 0.82 6.82 Graph KANO 2006
flaxseed powder Generic food 10 g/day 90 days 18 148.5 µmol after 90 days LAMPE 1994
high-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 23 17969 nmol/day after 17 days 317 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 9 days 12 4964 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 93 days 18 14059 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 93 days 18 1569 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 93 days 18 6688 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 9 days 12 9528 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 9 days 12 995 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
kinako (baked soybean powder) Food administered
60 g Single dose 7 35.8 Graph 5.79 Graph WATANABE 1998
linseed Generic food 25 g/day 6 weeks 4 MORTON 1994
low-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 21 1060 nmol/day after 17 days 14 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
ready-to-drink soy protein beverage Food administered
342 mL Single dose 3 5.82 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
red clover based dietary supplements Food administered
0 4 days 7 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_01
red clover dietary supplement capsules Food administered
2 capsules Single dose 7 385 nmol/L after 6.5 hours MAUL 2010
red clover seeds Not applicable 10 g/day 6 weeks 23 MORTON 1994
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_02
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 1999
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 2 weeks 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2003
soy food ingredient powder Food administered
101.6 g Single dose 1 12.5 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 6 0.47 4.35 Graph KANO 2006
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
750 mL/day 5 days 11 148.35 µmol/24h after 5 days 196.1 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soy protein Food administered
50 g Single dose 1 13 960 ng/mL after 24 hours MOORS 2007
soy supplements Food administered
Generic food
3 supplements/day 5 days 10 214.22 µmol/24h after 5 days 315.79 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soya flour Food administered
Generic food
40 g/day 2 days 12 Detected (unquantified) JOANNOU 1995
soya-based nutrition tablets Not applicable 0 7 days 8 9000 ng/mL after 7 days CHEN 2007
soybean pieces Food administered
Generic food
125 g/day 9 days 17 32670 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
steam-treated soya flour Generic food 45 g/day 6 weeks 23 MORTON 1994
tempeh Food administered
Generic food
112 g/day 9 days 17 34875 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
rat studies
corn oil (control) Not applicable 1 mL Single dose 2 Detected (unquantified) NIEMEYER 2000
enterodiol in corn oil Not applicable 2 mg Single dose 2 Detected (unquantified) NIEMEYER 2000
enterolactone in corn oil Not applicable 2 mg Single dose 2 Detected (unquantified) NIEMEYER 2000
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 30 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
shredded flaxseed Generic food 5 % of diet 7 days 2 Detected (unquantified) NIEMEYER 2000
soy protein Food administered
0 0 9 79.52 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
pig studies
soy protein isolates Food administered
24 % of diet 4 days 2 17.93 nmol/mL after 4 days CHANG 2009
sheep studies
red clover silage Food administered
12.8 g/kg bw/day 1 months 2 8.55 µmol/L after 1 month URPI-SARDA 2008
  Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
human studies
ready-to-drink soy protein beverage Food administered
342 mL Single dose 3 0.14 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
soy food ingredient powder Food administered
101.6 g Single dose 1 Trace amount CIMINO 1999
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
750 mL/day 5 days 3 33 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soy supplements Food administered
Generic food
3 supplements/day 5 days 3 49 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soya-based nutrition tablets Not applicable 0 7 days 8 41.3 ng/mL after 7 days CHEN 2007
rat studies
daidzein Not applicable 100 mg/kg bw Single dose 8 Graph BAYER 2001
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 10 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
kakkalide Not applicable 9 g/day 2 days 48 Detected (unquantified) BAI 2010
puerarin Not applicable 50 mg/kg bw/3 days 12 days 9 Graph PRASAIN 2004
soy protein Food administered
0 Single dose 5 Detected (unquantified) FANG 2002
soy protein Food administered
0 0 9 45.36 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
pig studies
soy protein isolates Food administered
24 % of diet 4 days 2 3.49 nmol/mL after 4 days CHANG 2009