Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
human studies
capsule with soy extract Not applicable 2 capsules/day 2 days 6 Detected (unquantified) KULLING 2001
enzyme-treated soy milk Food administered
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 1 1.02 10.13 Graph KANO 2006
fermented soy milk Food administered
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 1.1 0.87 8.55 Graph KANO 2006
flaxseed powder Generic food 10 g/day 90 days 18 27 µmol after 90 days LAMPE 1994
high-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 23 10326 nmol/day after 17 days 779 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 9 days 12 997 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 9 days 12 6529 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 93 days 18 13148 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 0.11 mg/day 93 days 18 1564 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 1 mg/day 93 days 18 6608 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
isoflavones from soy protein powder Not applicable 2 mg/day 9 days 12 14200 nmol after 24 hours XU 2000
kinako (baked soybean powder) Food administered
60 g Single dose 7 17.6 Graph 8.36 Graph WATANABE 1998
linseed Generic food 25 g/day 6 weeks 1 MORTON 1994
low-isoflavone burger Food administered
1 burger/day 17 days 21 384 nmol/day after 17 days 28 nmol/L after 17 days ROWLAND 2000
ready-to-drink soy protein beverage Food administered
342 mL Single dose 3 1.16 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
red clover based dietary supplements Food administered
0 4 days 7 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_01
red clover dietary supplement capsules Food administered
2 capsules Single dose 7 63 nmol/L after 6.5 hours MAUL 2010
red clover seeds Not applicable 10 g/day 6 weeks 1 MORTON 1994
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2004_02
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 14 days 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 1999
soy bars Food administered
3 bars/day 2 weeks 6 Detected (unquantified) HEINONEN 2003
soy food ingredient powder Food administered
101.6 g Single dose 1 9.5 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
100 mL Single dose 12 Graph 5.9 0.41 4.51 Graph KANO 2006
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
750 mL/day 5 days 11 2077.7 µmol/24h after 5 days 797.04 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soy protein Food administered
50 g Single dose 1 6 820 ng/mL after 24 hours MOORS 2007
soy supplements Food administered
Generic food
3 supplements/day 5 days 10 267.5 µmol/24h after 5 days 217.89 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soya flour Food administered
Generic food
40 g/day 2 days 12 Detected (unquantified) JOANNOU 1995
soya-based nutrition tablets Not applicable 0 7 days 8 6777.6 ng/mL after 7 days CHEN 2007
soybean pieces Food administered
Generic food
125 g/day 9 days 17 15471 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
steam-treated soya flour Generic food 45 g/day 6 weeks 1 MORTON 1994
tempeh Food administered
Generic food
112 g/day 9 days 17 14922 nmol after 9 days HUTCHINS 1995_01
rat studies
[14C]genistein Not applicable 4 mg/kg bw Single dose 10 Detected (unquantified) COLDHAM 1999
genistein Not applicable 10 mg/kg bw Single dose 5 0.5 0.48 7.6 142 MOON 2006
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 24 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
soy protein Food administered
0 0 9 29.2 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
pig studies
soy protein isolates Food administered
24 % of diet 4 days 2 17.18 nmol/mL after 4 days CHANG 2009
  Urine Plasma  
[polyphenol] source used in experiment Source composition Doses administered Dose duration Total no. subjects Mean urinary excretion (%) Kinetic data Tmax (hours) Mean Cmax (µmol/L) Half life (hours) AUC (µmol/L·h) Kinetic data Reference
human studies
ready-to-drink soy protein beverage Food administered
342 mL Single dose 3 0.01 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
soy milk Food administered
Generic food
750 mL/day 5 days 2 67 nmol/L after 5 days BOLCA 2010
soy supplements Food administered
Generic food
3 supplements/day 5 days 9 Trace amount BOLCA 2010
soya-based nutrition tablets Not applicable 0 7 days 8 20.9 ng/mL after 7 days CHEN 2007
rat studies
isolated soy protein Food administered
0 1 days 26 11 nmol after 24 hours CIMINO 1999
kakkalide Not applicable 9 g/day 2 days 48 Detected (unquantified) BAI 2010
soy protein Food administered
0 Single dose 5 Detected (unquantified) FANG 2002
soy protein Food administered
0 0 9 8.91 nmol/mL after 24 hours CHANG 2009
pig studies
soy protein isolates Food administered
24 % of diet 4 days 2 3.14 nmol/mL after 4 days CHANG 2009